References

Course Evaluation Outputs

(Steinbach et al. 2024)

(Janssens and Marshall 2024)

(Guetterman et al. 2019)

(Pallas et al. 2021)

(Okubo et al. 2024)

(American Heart Association 2025a)

(American Heart Association 2025e)

(American Heart Association 2025c)

(American Heart Association 2025d)

(American Heart Association 2025b)

(Holmberg et al. 2025)

(Ghantarchyan et al. 2024)

(Schull et al. 2001)

(Ueno et al. 2024)

(Crowley et al. 2024)

(Jabre et al. 2013)

(Stolldorf and Jones 2015)

(Littmann et al. 2013)

(Norvik et al. 2022)

American Heart Association. 2025a. Adult Cardiac Arrest Algorithm. https://cpr.heart.org/-/media/CPR-Files/CPR-Guidelines-Files/2025-Accessible/Algorithm-ACLS-CA-LngDscrp-250725-Ed.pdf?sc_lang=en.
American Heart Association. 2025b. Highlights of the 2025 American Heart Association Guidelines for CPR and ECC. https://cpr.heart.org/-/media/CPR-Files/2025-documents-for-cpr-heart-edits-posting/Resuscitation-Science/252500_Hghlghts_2025ECCGuidelines.pdf?sc_lang=en.
American Heart Association. 2025c. Part 10: Adult and Pediatric Special Circumstances of Resuscitation. https://cpr.heart.org/en/resuscitation-science/cpr-and-ecc-guidelines/adult-and-pediatric-special-circumstances-of-resuscitation.
American Heart Association. 2025d. Part 11: Post-Cardiac Arrest Care. https://cpr.heart.org/en/resuscitation-science/cpr-and-ecc-guidelines/post-cardiac-arrest-care.
American Heart Association. 2025e. Part 9: Adult Advanced Life Support. https://cpr.heart.org/en/resuscitation-science/cpr-and-ecc-guidelines/adult-advanced-life-support.
Crowley, Conor, Justin Salciccioli, Wei Wang, Tomoyoshi Tamura, Edy Y. Kim, and Ari Moskowitz. 2024. “The Association Between Mechanical CPR and Outcomes from in-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: An Observational Cohort Study.” Resuscitation 198 (May): 110142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2024.110142.
Ghantarchyan, Henrik, Alexander T. Phan, Jasmine Toor, et al. 2024. “Improving A Rapid Response System at a Teaching Hospital: Lessons Learned From Implementation of a Novel Performance Self-Evaluation Tool.” CHEST, ahead of print, November. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2024.10.055.
Guetterman, Timothy C, Joan E Kellenberg, Sarah L Krein, et al. 2019. “Nursing Roles for in-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Response: Higher Versus Lower Performing Hospitals.” BMJ Quality &Amp; Safety 28 (11): 916. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2019-009487.
Holmberg, Mathias J., Asger Granfeldt, Ari Moskowitz, et al. 2025. “Termination of Resuscitation Rules for In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest.” JAMA Internal Medicine 185 (4): 391–97. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.7814.
Jabre, Patricia, Vanessa Belpomme, Elie Azoulay, et al. 2013. “Family Presence During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation.” New England Journal of Medicine 368 (11): 1008–18. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1203366.
Janssens, Sarah, and Stuart Marshall. 2024. “Leadership in Emergency Teams: Time to Look Beyond ‘The Leader’.” CHEST 166 (5): 913–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2024.06.008.
Littmann, Laszlo, Devin J. Bustin, and Michael W. Haley. 2013. “A Simplified and Structured Teaching Tool for the Evaluation and Management of Pulseless Electrical Activity.” Medical Principles and Practice 23 (1): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1159/000354195.
Norvik, Anders, Eirik Unneland, Daniel Bergum, et al. 2022. “Pulseless Electrical Activity in in-Hospital Cardiac Arrest–a Crossroad for Decisions.” Resuscitation 176: 117–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022.04.024.
Okubo, Masashi, Sho Komukai, Lars W Andersen, et al. 2024. “Duration of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Outcomes for Adults with in-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: Retrospective Cohort Study.” BMJ 384 (February): e076019. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-076019.
Pallas, Jeremy David, John Paul Smiles, and Michael Zhang. 2021. “Cardiac Arrest Nurse Leadership (CANLEAD) Trial: A Simulation-Based Randomised Controlled Trial Implementation of a New Cardiac Arrest Role to Facilitate Cognitive Offload for Medical Team Leaders.” Emergency Medicine Journal 38 (8): 572. https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2019-209298.
Ryden, A. G., E. Krauspe, S. Patel, R. Wayne, M. Davis, and B. W. Locke. 2025. “Enhancing Intern Leadership of Inpatient Emergencies: Evaluating the Impact of a Seminar Addressing Team Dynamics.” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 211 (Supplement_1): A5624–24. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.2025.211.abstracts.a5624.
Schull, Michael J., Lorraine E. Ferris, Jack V. Tu, Janet E. Hux, and Donald A. Redelmeier. 2001. “Problems for Clinical Judgement: 3. Thinking Clearly in an Emergency.” Canadian Medical Association Journal 164 (8): 1170. http://www.cmaj.ca/content/164/8/1170.abstract.
Situmeang, Josiah, Alex Ryden, C. W. Long, et al. 2026. “B38-12 Intern Code Blue and Rapid Response Leadership: A Pre-Post Evaluation of a Micro-Module Curriculum.” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 212 (Supplement_1): aamag162.939. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajrccm/aamag162.939.
Steinbach, Trevor C., Ann L. Jennerich, and Başak Çoruh. 2024. “Effective Behaviors of Leaders During Clinical Emergencies: A Qualitative Study of Followers’ Perspectives.” CHEST 166 (5): 1141–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2024.05.011.
Stolldorf, Deonni P., and Cheryl B. Jones. 2015. “Deployment of Rapid Response Teams by 31 Hospitals in a Statewide Collaborative.” The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety 41 (4): 186–AP3. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1553-7250(15)41024-4.
Ueno, Ryo, Rachel Chan, Mallikarjuna Ponnapa Reddy, Daryl Jones, David Pilcher, and Ashwin Subramaniam. 2024. “Long-Term Survival Comparison of Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit Following in-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Perioperative and Ward Settings. A Multicentre Retrospective Cohort Study.” Intensive Care Medicine 50 (9): 1496–505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-024-07570-w.

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